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The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia ((ロシア語:Ру́сская Правосла́вная Це́рковь Заграни́цей), '), also called the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, ROCA, or ROCOR, is a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church. ROCOR was formed as a jurisdiction of Eastern Orthodoxy as a response against the policy of the Bolsheviks with respect to religion in the Soviet Union soon after the Russian Revolution of 1917. It separated from the Russian Church of the Moscow Patriarchate in 1927 after the imprisoned Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) pledged the Church's qualified loyalty to the Bolshevik state. After decades of separation, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia officially signed the Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate on May 17, 2007, restoring the canonical link between the churches. Critics of the reunification argue that the issue of alleged KGB infiltration of the Moscow Patriarchate church hierarchy has not been addressed by the Russian Orthodox Church.〔 They say there are other outstanding canonical and moral issues. The Church has around 400 parishes worldwide, and an estimated membership of over 400,000 people. Of these, 138 parishes and 10 monasteries are in the United States, with 27,700 adherents and 9,000 regular church attendees.〔 ROCOR has 13 hierarchs, with monasteries and nunneries in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe and South America. == Formation and early years == In 1920, near the end of the Russian Civil War, after the White Russian Army under Admiral Alexander Kolchak had suffered defeat and the Bolsheviks occupied Siberia, a mass exodus of Russian refugees moved into Manchuria. Within three years, more than 90,000 refugees settled in Harbin, Shanghai, Dairen, Hailar and the smaller towns along the Chinese branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Lacking adequate lodgings or employment, many migrated to the Americas, Europe or Australia. In 1920 the Soviet government revealed its hostility to the Russian Orthodox Church. On November 7, 1920, Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow, issued an ''ukaz'' (decree) instructing all Orthodox Christian bishops under the authority and protection of his Patriarchate, should they be unable to contact the Higher Church Administration, to seek protection and guidance by organizing among themselves.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=An English translation of the decree, hosted by a parish of the ROCOR in Rochester, New York )〕 Some Russian bishops and other hierarchs interpreted this as authorization to form an emergency synod of all Russian Orthodox hierarchs to permit the church to continue to function outside Russia. To add urgency to the synod's motives, in May 1922 the Soviet government proclaimed its own "Living Church" as a "reform" of the Russian Orthodox Church. On September 13, 1922, Russian Orthodox hierarchs in Serbia met in the town of Sremski Karlovci and established a synod of bishops of the Russian Church Abroad, the foundation of ROCOR. In November 1922, Russian Orthodox in North America held a synod and elected Metropolitan Platon (Rozhdestvensky) as the primate of an autonomous Russian exarchate in the Americas. This led to a three-way conflict in the United States between the exarchate, ROCOR (sometimes known as "the Synod" in this period), and the Living Church (which asserted its rights as the legitimate (Soviet-government-recognized) owner of all Eastern Orthodox properties in the United States). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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